Criminal Justice - Overview

Peer Review vs Refereed vs Academic vs Scholarly

The peer review process is done at the article level, and then published in an issue of a journal. Just like with a popular magazine, lots of different types of content goes into a journal - not just peer reviewed articles. When you find a potential article, make sure you double-check that it's not one of those other types of content (editorial, book review, column, opinion piece, etc).

Depending on the field, assignment and professor, you may be asked to find peer reviewed, refereed, academic, or scholarly articles. If you're confused about assignment requirements, we strongly encourage you to discuss them with your professor!

Peer Reviewed or Refereed 

These terms are interchangeable with each other - the articles are always either reviewed or refereed by multiple experts (peers) in a highly structured and critical process. The author then receives that feedback, makes changes and resubmits the work, and then the journal editor decides whether or not to publish it. 

Academic or Scholarly

These terms are interchangeable with each other, and these articles are not always peer reviewed/refereed. These articles are still research focused and heavily sources (lots of references), and written for an academic audience, but they may have only been reviewed by an editorial board, rather than content experts. 

The Peer Review Process

According to Understanding Science, peer review does the same thing for science (and other fields of study) as the "inspected by #7" sticker does for your t-shirt: provides assurance that someone who knows what they're doing has double-checked it. The peer review process typical works something like this:

1. A group of scientists completes a study and writes it up in the form of an article. They submit it to a journal for publication.
    
2. The journal's editors send the article to several other scientists who work in the same field (i.e., the "peers" of peer review).
    
3. Those reviewers provide feedback on the article and tell the editor whether or not they think the study is of high enough quality to be published.
    
4. The authors may then revise their article and resubmit it for consideration.
    
5. Only articles that meet good scientific standards (e.g., acknowledge and build upon other work in the field, rely on logical reasoning and well-designed studies, back up claims with evidence, etc.) are accepted for publication.

*created by Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Library: https://mcphs.libguides.com/peer_review/what_is_peer-review

Recordings created by Becca Neel; Consider listening as you go through this section of the libguide.

Neel, B. (2021, September). Identifying Scholarly Literature. Voicethread. https://usi.voicethread.com/share/18390833/

Neel, B. (2021a, September). Finding Scholarly Articles. Voicethread. https://usi.voicethread.com/share/18391084/

Below you'll see a rough worksheet. A downloadable form is also below. 

Use this to help you organize a potential topic. Think about what you are looking for. If your topic is "The ethics of policing," you will want to figure out how to effectively set this topic up as a search

Do not use natural language in the databases. You will end up with most results searching terms you did not intend or need.

Using "The Ethics of Policing" example:

1. Separate terms and focus on nouns: Ethics; Police

2. Think of synonyms:

     A. -Ethics; Policy; conduct

          a. Consider specifics instead of the broader term, i.e. "Broken Window Theory"

     B. Police; Law Enforcement; policemen; officers of law

Research Game Plan

 

 

Your topic:

 

 

 

Break down the concepts within your topic:

 

AND

AND

 

 

Brainstorm synonyms, alternate spellings, and related topics for each concept:

 

 

 

What KIND of information you need to find?

 

 

	Background information
	Historical information
	Biographical information
	Statistics
	Financial information
	Opinions
	Current events
	Criticism and analysis
	Research results
	Other?